Multitasking article review

In Douglas Merrill's Forbes article titled â€Å"Why Multitasking Doesn't Work†, the contributing author makes various statements on the scenario-based appropriateness of multitasking. It is the opinion of the author that multitasking during simple, menial tasks such as folding clothes and speaking on the phone does not require a high order of mental capacity to execute; therefore, it is acceptable to multicast when engaging in these activities.On the flip side, the author argues that hen tasks require brain engage and the goal is for long term memory capture, then multitasking does not allow short term memory to engage and therefore has no opportunity to commit to long term memory. The author also recounted a story of while employed at Google, many workers employed laptops during meetings to accomplish other work tasks during meeting times. This slowly led to the realization that those on their laptops diminished the effectiveness of the meetings due to lack of attention and engagement.Soon the company began a strategy of laptop free tenting zones. The author's ultimate message is that multitasking is not conducive to a successful work environment and has many potential dangers. I tend to agree with the author. Although I am not absent from engaging in multitasking in the workplace, I can say that my quality of work and the confidence in my work increases dramatically when I am allowed the luxury of focused time and effort. It is clear that Google identified that multitasking was a hindrance to the success of business, at least as it pertains to meetings.The article did not offer rather support even though Google did change the work place rules to address this issue. While the article does remain tacit on other multitasking observances and also states that only a portion of meetings were deemed laptop free, the reader cannot assume either way that Google expects or categorically prohibits multitasking in the workplace. In Christine Rose's The New Atlant is article titled â€Å"The Myth of Multitasking†, the author commits to a compelling argument against multitasking mostly supported by clinical research and cultural references.Her article begins with a Lord in the sass's offering advice via a letter to his son. The letter extols the virtue of the ability to focus and is the true mark of intelligence. The author then offers clinical information through functional MR. scans that details the fundamental flaws in learning through multitasking by noting the action of certain portions of the brain. Throughout the article, Rosen refers to multitasking as a sort of Adult Attention Disorder. She draws on work completed by DRP.Edward Hallowed who coined the affects of multitasking as Attention Deficit Trait† (ADD) and further describes ADD as â€Å"purely a response to the hyperkinetic environment in which we live†. Rosen concludes the article with a question. Will humans simply adapt to the reality of multitasking by ma king it a part of our daily lives despite the repercussions? If so, humans may reap the rewards of information but may not realize the related wisdom. I also agree with this author. Her argument is clear and supported culturally and scientifically. Her logical discussion of the effects of multitasking are reasonable and ell laid out.The author indicates that the work environment has changed by humans willingly adapting a less than favorable learning environment that may cost businesses through lost productivity. Through the author's argument, I believe that she is implying that it is a general expectation from manager's that multitasking is to be utilized to accomplish work tasks. I have many years of work experience and school under my belt. My experience with multitasking has been variable. At times, I am highly effective multitasking when the task is transactional.I can switch back and forth between many tasks with little consequence. However when high order thinking is required, I. E. Analyzing data, creating presentations, reading course materials, etc. , I find I am much more successful when I am afforded the opportunity to focus one task and then move on to the next. Sometimes after significant effort, I may switch work/school topics to give my mind a rest and pick up on another topic, but I would hardly refer to this as multitasking but rather strategic maidenhair. When I am required to multicast at work, I do find it rather stressful.My capacities to think clearly, mitigate issues, and communicate effectively are greatly reduced. I oftentimes find myself mentally frustrated after long periods of multitasking and my ability to pivot to other tasks is greatly diminished. At times, this has had a serious, negative impact on my work performance. For instance, once I was juggling so many tasks that when a superior had a time-sensitive data request I forgot to record the need and subsequently did not provide the data. I did not even occur to me by day end t hat I had not accomplished this task.The next day, my superior angrily appeared at my desk telling me to forget the data request since a meeting to discuss the data had already taken place. I obviously felt disappointed in myself and apologized to the superior. The most critical thing a supervisor can do to lead and manage employees in a multitasking environment is to teach employees how to prioritize and give them the latitude to push back on requests and clarify timeliness. If an employee can effectively prioritize his/her workload, then there may be a less of a need for a litigating approach as the employee tackles a task at a time in order of their importance.

Medicine Alone Cannot Stop the Spread of HIV/Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

If the world was to be made a better place to live, then only two things stand on the way to that realization: abject poverty and disease. In fact, it is not surprising that the two are some the major concerns of the 21st century in many countries. The UN, in its part, identifies fighting HIV/Aids globally and abject poverty in third world countries as the roadmap to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004, 46). However, the reality in the developing countries point to a glaring truth: the fight has a long way to go. Indeed, the present generation of the third world’s suffering masses inherited their misery from their predecessors, and there is a likelihood that they will pass on their woes to their children. In the fight against disease, it is apparent that HIV/Aids has claimed the priority previously given to malaria. In Africa, especially, most non-governmental organizations are involved in helping the continent grapple with its burden of Aids patients. Almost daily, the UN, The World Bank and donors from the developed west dispatch consignments of relief aid in the form of antiretroviral drugs to Africa to help Africa fight the pandemic. Regardless, it is becoming increasingly clear that in Africa, the world is collectively losing the war against HIV/Aids. Instead of decreasing, infections in most countries are increasing, while more and more people continue to die from HIV related complications. The present situation is a strong indication that the approach taken to fight the infection is not working. Much of the efforts are directed toward treating the problem, while ignoring a host of other factors which hinder successful containment of the disease. They include cultural practices, poor leadership, ignorance, grand official corruption as well as poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, especially, these milestones undermine any efforts to fight the disease. In reference to the situation in sub-Saharan Africa, the paper argues that medicine alone cannot rid humanity of the Aids scourge. As far as HIV/Aids is concerned, all that medicine can do is treat symptoms, but not prevent its spread. In this regard, Aids continue to rampage because resources are directed towards addressing infection cases, while ignoring the factors that lead to more infections. Even if medicine was to completely cure the disease, new cases will always arise. Thus, the major weakness of a clinical approach to fighting HIV/Aids in sub-Saharan Africa is that it only tackles a fraction of the contributing factors, but attempts to help those already infected (McKee, et al, 2004, 297). Other than preventing mother-child infection during birth, medicine does little to address the Aids scourge in the wider context. While it targets victims, it doesn’t address the cultural and socio-economic factors that continue to add more victims to the fold. Surprisingly enough, most of these contributing factors have no medical dimension at all, leading to the conclusion that more than medicine alone can contain the Aids scare in sub-Saharan Africa. Poor leadership among Africa’s political class makes the fight against HIV/Aids a hopeless endeavor (Europa Publications, 2004, 25). Their lack of national vision ensures that pertinent issues related to the eradication of preventable diseases are ignored. As a result, poor policies are formulated, which are equally poorly implemented. It is strange that since 1979 when the first cases of the infection was diagnosed among gays in New York, USA, 30 years later, the scourge is hitting hardest thousands of miles away, where gay relationships are a taboo. On the contrary, the developed nations have successfully contained its spread, which had little to do with advanced medicine. The underlying fact is that medicine neither cures nor prevents one from contracting the viruses. It therefore follows that the efforts that led to the successful containment of the infection in the west had little to do with medicine. On the other hand, good governance and effective policies could be attributed to their success. In stark contrast, most sub-Sahara African countries have no clear policies on how to fight the scourge and prevent further infections. Related to poor governance is rampant corruption in government. The drive to fight Aids is largely funded by donor aid. However, management of the funds is left to the beneficiaries, whose lack of commitment to the cause makes them to divert resources meant to help victims. Over the years, corruption in Africa has evolved into a mafia-like cartel, with a wide network of connections through which finances are siphoned from public coffers. When corruption becomes a culture, as already it is in sub-Saharan Africa, resources meant for a national cause always find their way into private hands. It has been widely argued that Africa suffers not because of limited resources, but rather because those resources are misused to serve the interests of a few people. It s the same with resources meant to fight HIV/Aids. Regardless how much the World Bank and donors pump into Africa, the problem is going to persist as long as the corruption exists. The argument that Africans should be left to run their show on grounds of autonomy is guise to allow corrupt individuals in control. The hopelessness of the continent is the realization that donors must budget for the expenditure to the last coin, otherwise they should be willing to keep a constant cash-flow to sustain the greed of embezzlers. Cultural practices are the greatest obstacle in the war against the spread of HIV/Aids (Baxen and Breidlid, 2009, 33). In some parts of sub-Sahara African countries such as Kenya and Uganda, female circumcision is a common practice in most communities. In Kenya, for instance, genital mutilation is the pre-requisite to marriage, and as such, all girls must face the knife to get a husband. The practice is deeply rooted in the Maasai community, where girls are snatched from school to be circumcised before they are hurriedly married off. However, the greatest danger is not marriage, but rather the circumcision itself. It is not conducted by a doctor, but by a local midwife or herbalist, who knows little about sterilization and hygienic handling of incision instruments. Consequently, the initiates share one knife, thereby increasing chances of infection. Similarly, polygamy and wife inheritance practices is a great danger. Among the Luo tribe of Kenya, widows are inherited by their husband’s brothers, regardless the cause of death. It is through such practices that the pandemic spread rapidly in the community, wiping out whole families in quick successions. In Swaziland, the king himself is the trendsetter of polygamy. He holds the annual Dance of the Reeds, whose sole purpose is for King Mswati to choose an additional wife from among the virgin dancers. The political system of the country is monarchial, and the king has repeatedly managed to defeat dissenters and activists opposed to his excesses. Thus, if the very leaders who are supposed to give direction are lost in cultural practices that promote the spread of the virus, then no medicine will stop it from claiming the masses who look up to such leaders. Like in a battle, the folly of a general is the doom of a whole platoon. Now, Swaziland is a tiny country surrounded by S. Africa, whose president recently raised eyebrows (and nods of agreement among polygamists) when he took his fourth wife, who until then, properly speaking, was his concubine. Earlier on, he had surprised many when he agreed that he had lavished his sexual prowess on an HIV positive female friend, but calmed people’s fears that he had taken a shower immediately afterwards- to prevent infection. When such hogwash comes from a head of state, it reflects the pathetic situation of the whole nation. How can such a leader implement any effective policy, when he believes in myths and superstitious convictions? Therefore, the cure for Aids, ironically, is not medicine: it is changing the beliefs and attitudes of the people. There is nothing that blinds like ignorance. The West is free from the tentacles of the Aids scourge largely because their populations are literate, and aware of effective prevention measures. On the contrary, high illiteracy in sub-Saharan Africa has made many sufferers victims of ignorance (Coriat, 2008, 147). In fact, literacy levels reflect the socio-economic status of a population. The living conditions of most Africans is largely pegged on their level of education. In relation to HIV/Aids, lack of information due to the inability to read or write, exposes many people to situations where they could contract the virus without their knowledge. For instance, people share cutting objects such as razors, knives and needles; oblivious of the dangers to which they expose themselves. In addition, information about HIV/Aids is mostly available in foreign languages, which only a few, the educated ones, could understand. Thus, those who are illiterate, and who comprises the majority in sub-Saharan Africa, are denied access to information that could save their lives. Lastly, sub-Saharan Africa is staggering in abject poverty (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2004, 87). Poverty contributes to the spread of the infection as many young women engage in commercial sex to make ends meet. In most towns, the mushrooming of slums is attributed to the influx of jobseekers who come to make a living (Brower and Chalk, 2003, 40). However, Africa is generally characterized by high unemployment rates. Consequently, failure to secure a job leads many to slum life, and for most ladies, prostitution (Zichichi, et al, 2001, 627). The danger of prostitution is due to the fact that commercial sex workers do not choose their clients. As it were, they are picked, laid and paid, period. Even if their customers were infected, they can do little to protect themselves, since the ‘terms of engagement’ are determined by the amount the customer is willing to pay. If one decides not to use a condom, then the price is bigger to account for the risk involved. However, it is common knowledge that those who are aware of their positive status willingly infect others, and therefore could pay as much as they can afford to derive pleasure and, as a bonus, recruit one more victim into their society of the infected. In conclusion, the nature of the spread of HIV/Aids is much overwhelming, requiring more than medical intervention for its prevention. Many socio-cultural, political and economic factors contribute to its spread, which must be addressed to effectively contain the pandemic. In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty, corruption in government, cultural practices such female circumcision, polygamy and wife inheritance, as well as poor leadership are responsible for the persistence of HIV/Aids. Thus, concentrating on medicine alone could is not going to save the masses from the incurable virus.

Bulding Suspense In Spielbergs Jaws Film Studies Essay

Bulding Suspense In Spielbergs Jaws Film Studies Essay The music is played when the shark comes in distance and closer to the beach. First the music very slowly and when it gets louder and louder we feel like the shark is coming. This sound is like a theme of the film, which makes everyone to keep attention to the film. This type of music is Non-Diegetic music. This gives the audience that they are below the sea imagining the shark is waiting for them. If the shark be revealed straight away, it would destroy the whole story. Stephen Spielberg wants to build suspense by suspense to create the film attentive to it audience. One technique is that the music is used to build up the tension. Example Write here. Stephen Spielberg uses long shot to show this and cover all the details in the proof to show what happened. Second attack was quite different. It is the attack of the little boy whose name was Alex. He swam in his inflatable lilo away from the rocky sand to the sea. When he was there the shark attacked him. We know this by looking fro m the music and fins coming out from the shark. The camera angles builds up the tension and suspense to show like we are looking from the angle of shark and when the attack happened from the distance it shows people to show exact how the boy was attack. The Director builds up the fear of the shark by making music devious and dangerous like you get on the horror film. Director uses music like â€Å"dun, dun† sound/music that makes you follow the shark on its trail. You will follow the music as well as you are looking from the shark perspective. On this second attack he uses lots of close-up shots of the boy to show off the detail. The camera shot tracking is shown as though as you are shark and following the boy on his lilo. Jump cut is shown to take close shot of the people by cutting people shot one by one. After that camera moves into a close-up of the boy, who is now lying on a yellow lilo. Brody continues to look at the water, which raises tension. When we look around the beach we see yellow objects; umbrella, bathing suits, towels and a boy’s lilo. This is because yellow associate with fear because most of the warning signs have yellow sings like a hazardous sign. As the camera films the shore, we see a man wearing a yellow shirt playing with his dog. Moments later when he was playing fetch with his dog pippin, pippin goes missing. Dog is nowhere to be seen but only a stick floating on the surface of the sea. This is known as a camera focused, focusing on the stick only and usually called Miss -en- scene. There is no music being played, audience don’t know whether the shark came again or the dog run off somewhere along the beach. This creates suspense as well as a fear.

Effect of the Economic Recession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effect of the Economic Recession - Research Paper Example Many experts believe that the seeds of this recession lie in the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank of America in the aftermath of the attack on world trade center. The bank feared that the terrorist attack would create a panic in the market and hence will affect U.S. economy. Fearing this, the bank decided to lower the interest rates to a record low level (Makinen, 2011). The effect of this policy was that credit was cheaply available to the people. This situation was misused by Wall Street and many banks such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. What these banks did was to provide people with a very cheap loan on houses that couldn’t have been affordable otherwise. The property market was rising at the time and so huge amount of sub-prime loans were issued to the American people. The people took loans from the banks as they were confident that the rise in house prices would provide them with the money they needed for repayment of a loan. But after some time of the boom, the property market busted. The price of the houses touched a record low and so people started to default on their loans. They didn’t have money to pay back. This meant that the banks who had issued this loan were in deep cash problems. The phenomenon was so huge that first Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac filed for bankruptcy (Jicking, 2007). Next in line was Lehman Brothers which had similar problems. With Lehman Brothers filing for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, the world was heading towards credit crunch. The banks worldwide didn’t know which bank had how many bad debts to its credit. There was suspicion all around and hence the banks were weary of giving loans to each other. When the banks withheld supply of money in the market, the businesses started to feel the heat. All these events had a ripple effect. There was a reduction in demand and because of this unemployment rates went up in the U.S.

Assignment 6 Analyzing Conflict Management Essay

Assignment 6 Analyzing Conflict Management - Essay Example This essay aims at analyzing such a case of conflict in school and how it should be managed. Description of the Conflict The St. Mary’s Public School, New York has newly admitted a new student Amanda Martinez who has come recently from the country of Brazil to the United States. Amanda is a sincere worker and performs quite well among her peers in school. She has joined school in the last week. She did extremely well in her admission test to the school and therefore the principal has awarded her a scholarship for the entire term of year. The teachers are also very cooperative in the school and help the new student in every possible way. In her class there are about 30 girls of the same age. Most of them are Americans except for Isabel who is also of a South American descent. The students of the class did not accept her in their group from her initial days. Isabel and Amanda however have become very good friends in a very short span of time. In the forthcoming group task, stude nts in the school had to work in groups of five. Amanda and Isabel are in the same group but along with them 3 other students are present. Amanda and Isabel find it uncomfortable to work with them. When the work of the group started Amanda wanted to be the team leader as she was the best among them in studies and could allocate the duties better among the five people. However, Joanna another team member wanted to have the leadership role since it was difficult for her and two of her friends to accept that they would be working under Amanda. Thus the work could not be started because of the conflict among the team members. Analysis of the Critical issues of the Conflict: Context of the conflict The main reason why the problem has cropped up in the group is that there is a conflict of interest among the team members. Both Amanda and Joanna want to be the leader of the team. The reason why Amanda wants to have the leadership role is that she is a sincere worker and would understand the work better. She would be able to distribute the work in a fair manner among the group members. Though Isabel is happy with this decision, Joanna and the remaining two in the group have difficulty in accepting her as they want to have a power in the decision making related to the activities of the group. Apparent and underlying reasons of the conflict The perceptible reason for the conflict is the power distribution among the two groups of people working together for the achievement of the same goal. Both of the students want to have a power in the group and take interest in the allocation of the duties. The true reason behind this conflict is that Joanna being a resident of New York since her early childhood has a problem accepting the fact that they have to accept the instruction of a newly entered student. Amanda also cannot acknowledge Joanna as their leader because she is not convinced about her abilities and is worried that ignorance on part of Joanna as a leader would affect their grades for the group task. Thus there is an issue of racial discrimination in this particular case and it needs to be properly redressed. Types of Conflicts in the case This is a form of dysfunctional conflict because the students cannot work in a harmonious way which is hampering the education of the students. This kind of conflict does not lead to any productive end. It is also a form of interpersonal conflict between Amanda and Joanna

How much I like the film and reccommend it to others Movie Review

How much I like the film and reccommend it to others - Movie Review Example Depression and loneliness further segregate them. If this is the state of the normal individuals, the plight of the physically and mentally disabled people is even harder to imagine. Looking into the lives of the characters of the movie "the heart is a lonely hunter" we can understand how hard it is to live with various physical and psychological abnormalities. Disabilities differ for each and every character in the movie. Some are deaf-mute, while some are mentally impaired. I like the movie and recommend it to others as it portrays the struggles and sufferings of the disadvantaged. Comparing the disabilities and the struggles of the characters help us understand the lives of the people who are afflicted with different abnormalities. The movie also criticizes the various forms of inequalities like handicapped man vs. normal man, black vs. white, rich vs. poor and so on. I love this movie for all these reasons. The movie is centered on the admirable character John Singer who is a dea f-mute. Several other characters with other sorts of disabilities pass along his path, each striving to locate their own path of self-discovery. The physically challenged Singer however has invaluable help for each and every one of them. ... John Singer is the first example from the movie who is with a disability. John Singer the main character and the focal point of all other characters is a deaf-mute. He lives with his close friend Antonapoulos who is also a deaf-mute. Singer puts all his efforts in his friendship with Antonapoulos. When Antonapoulos is taken to an asylum Singer becomes depressed and lonely. This makes him change his residence to a rented room. Singer's devotion and love to his deaf-mute friend Antonapoulos reveals the human desire to be expressed and loved by someone. This also reveals the desperate plight of Singer who thirsts to find some love in Antonapoulos. His disability of being deaf-mute helps us understand the world of deaf mute people who live in their own isolated world with the heavy desired to give and take love. Losing the company of Antonopoulos made Singer look for another source of friendship. Singer later creates a circle of friendship where his friends are people who are disabled, l onely and afflicted. We find him surrounded by four other main characters of the movie who are also struggling with weaknesses of their own. Singer cannot speak and cannot express his thoughts or desires. This makes him helpless to disillusion or refute them. Even though Singer pour out his life to widen the world of his disabled friends, they take it for granted for Singer is a deaf-mute who cannot present his thoughts. In spite of offering the best companionship for these characters Singer’s devotion and love is less recognized by other for he is unable to express it being a deaf mute. Though he offers solace to the hearts of his friends there is none to

The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided Essay

The experiment that Stanley Milgram conducted in the 1960s provided empirical evidence in favour of what is now referred to as t - Essay Example The results of the experiment have been proved by many other researchers in later studies, which explored the small-world effect in various types of networks. It has been verified that the small-world effect can be seen in different extent in a number of the real-world networks. The small-world phenomenon has made a great contribution in the theory of networks as it helped to better understand the structure and dynamics of the complex networks. This paper intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in three main classes of networks – random graphs, scale-free networks and small-world networks. Keywords: networks, social networks, small-world, six degree, random graph, scale-free networks. Introduction It is widely acknowledged that networks are all around people; and people themselves as socio-biological systems are, for the most part, products of biochemical reactions and social relationships occurring in netwo rks. Networks are studied since 1736, at first in the domain of mathematical graph theory (Biggs et al., 1986), which has been gradually developed into the solid branch of knowledge that studies nature and properties of different networks, from very simple to large and complex networks that have irregular structure and complex dynamics. Examples of such networks can be found everywhere in nature and in society – food networks of biological species, communication networks and the Internet, social networks between individuals, transportation networks, metabolic and neural networks, and many others. Nowadays the study of networks got significant achievements in understanding of specific features, some of which have been investigated in depth only in the past few decades, with the advent of information and communications technologies and, particularly, the Internet. One of the fundamental features of networks was discovered in 1967, when a famous social psychologist Stanley Milgr am conducted a series of experiments, revealing that in spite of the enormous number of the global population, our world is actually rather small - any individual on the planet can reach any other individual through about six contacts in their social network. The phenomenon was called the small-world effect, while the modern popular scientific literature often mentions it as the â€Å"six degrees of separation† effect (Watts, 1999). The results of the Milgram’s experiments have been proved in a large number of experiments of other researchers. The phenomenon appears to be extremely useful for understanding the structure and dynamics of processes that takes place in different networks, for example the dynamics of spread of information across the network, or the dynamics of diffusions of epidemic diseases in a society. The small-world effect can be viewed in different networks; however, each of these networks has the distinctive characteristics, related to its structure and dynamics, so there are certain differences in the manifestations of the small-world effect in various networks. This essay intends to discuss the Milgram's experiment and to explore in what extent the small-world effect can be found in networks, namely, in three main kinds of networks – in classical random graphs; in scale-free networks, introduced by Barabasi and Albert (1999); and in small-world networks, invented by Watts and Strogatz (1998). The paper is aimed to show

Interactive Video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interactive Video - Essay Example Therefore, interactive video is technique put, in place, to enable better use of video and film through interactions since they are blended (Dewdney, 2006). In addition, interactive video involves different media, designs that enable interaction, digital culture, cyber-culture and the human use or interaction with the computer. There is also an interaction with other media such as interactive television, video games, ambient intelligence, interactive advertisement and the social media. Logically, the concept behind video interaction is the interaction techniques and human use. Therefore, most of technology with video interaction has an interactive system of computing that meets the concept of human interaction. However, there is no much meaning in calling a media interactive because most of these devices have already been enabled to offer interaction with humans. On the other hand, it is still important because it connotes the identity of technology and practices. Moreover, some like video games are meant to provide ways of entertainment and leisure. Luckily, technology today has made video interaction easier as compared to the past where it required a return path. In summary, interactive video requires interactive technology and the end user who are humans, which has provided leisure activities for children through video games and tracking of geographical places through maps, amongst others and there is a wide possible future for interactive video. Therefore, this paper provides an investigation of the use of interactive video in media and film, including its significance and possible future use. Science has been the force behind interactive video. This is because methods that are computable have their influence from science. This includes cybernetics, system theories and autopoesis (LOGAN, 2010: 45) which challenge the memory, cognition, emotions, perceptions, affection and reason. This means that the human elements are not a major concern to interactive vide o since it is based on computability. Luckily, interactive video is not just bound to digital video but also other videos like games, printed interactive media and flip books (TAY, 1993:78). Moreover, the interface that takes place between the user and the medium, in this case video, is what is known as interaction. Therefore, interactive video does not only have to be used through digital video but also other forms of media. In summary, science leads to the creation of interactive media. Different technology has been put in use in order to create a successful user interface of interactive media. Notably, the complexity of video interaction depends on the kind of codes used in the creation of the video. This is due to different kinds of programmes that are conceptualized. For example, the javascript, HTML5 and CSS3 technique which are in use, in modern day (Mark, 2002:109). In addition, creativity has also been another approach towards programming of interactive video. Therefore, th e programmes are dependent on the designs of javascript, HTML5 amongst others. As a result, people can interact with the video in relation to the programming. In summary, the creative coding of the interactive video is a form of technique that has been put in use through programmes such as HTML5 and javascript. It is through the concept of interactive media that video games became a reality. It is the computing programmes that one can play video games. This is an appealing concept for children especially during their leisure time as a form of entertainment. Technically, the IMGD 1001 is a process used in the development of games (WOLF, 2008:32). Its role is to look examine different roles that the participants have in the process development as well as artistic

Company profit calculation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company profit calculation - Assignment Example Q = (accepted), (rejected) At Q = , ATC’’ becomes 9.61 while at Q = , ATC’’ becomes 0.381. Since Q > 0 and since ATC’’ > 0 at Q = , so it can be surmised that Q = when ATC is minimised. Part (g) Firms will neither exit nor enter in the longer run in an industry because already operating firms are creating normal profit. Since there are no incentives to either leave or enter the market in the longer run, so there will be no entry or exit in the longer run. Part (h) Question Two As market demand levels vary, the firm’s profits in any industry will tend to vary. As long as some form of economic profit is available, new firms will enter the market. Similarly, any kinds of economic loss will force firms to leave the market. When economic profit is available, the supply curve tends to shift to the right in order to reduce price. As price falls, so does economic profit and thus the incentive to enter the market. Conversely, if economic loss o ccurs, the supply curve shifts to the left in order to increase price. Bigger price tags tend to reduce the economic loss being faced. Market adjustments continue to occur until firms come to a point where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost which in turn equals the price. Also, the short run average cost and the long term average cost meet the equilibrium levels to produce total market equilibrium in the longer run. Question Three A shock in demand leads to a sudden rise in demand. This in turn disrupts the market equilibrium and the supply curve tends to shift to the right while the demand curve tends to shift to the right as well. In addition, it is typical to find that the price for any product experiencing demand shock tends to increase as well. Larger quantities required are dealt with by firms operating under perfect competition. For constant cost industries, when the industry expands in reaction to demand shocks, there are no changes in the production costs or in t he prices of resources. The basic contention of the constant cost industry is that as new firms enter the market, the long run average cost curve does not get affected. Hence, as the efficiency of production does not change due to demand shocks, the supply curve in the longer run becomes horizontal. Question Four Certain industries require long term economic profits in order to survive in the market. These industries may require continuous new inputs in the form of research and development (R&D). The pharmaceutical industry for example requires that research be carried out into new medicine. This may become necessary for example as one generation of antibiotics are unable to deal with the next generation of germs. The R&D process in turn requires the investment of economic profit which in turn can be labelled as a cost. The reinvested economic profit from the operation of such industries can be seen as a cost although it is not necessary that the amount of such an investment would e quate to the economic profit generated. For example, the pharmaceutical industry invests in the development of a medicine that it will continue to produce constantly for decades which indicates that the economic prof

Inuit Art & Canadian Nationalism Essay Example for Free

Inuit Art Canadian Nationalism Essay Inuit refers to a certain group of people who had acclimatized and inhabits the cold and harsh climatic regions of Canada. They are similar to Eskimos who live in Arctic regions of Russia and Europe and North America. Their art is a reflection of urbanization with elements of cultural experiences which denote the activities carried out within their daily life as dictated by the environment. A good Inuit art work is the one mended with vast landscape and traditional Inuit culture. Achieving such Inuit art work is sometimes challenging and controversial but it is a reflection of honest work. The Canadian Inuit art is a good example such as the one brought out by James Houston writings. James Houston was first artist to get involved in the Canadian Inuit art in 1948 with the objective of searching new land to paint. People living in the new land were very friendly, warm and the environment was vast, beautiful and cold. Interaction with the Indian and Inuit people in the Arctic provided the best opportunity for James to introduce Inuit culture to the world. Introduction of Inuit culture was made possible with the use of remarkable stories and art. There are four main particular exciting Inuit art work by James Houston in his writings. These include the White Archer, Akavak, Worlfrun and Tiktaliktak (Graburn, 2). The art work was collected in a good volume which illustrates the story about Arctic and nationalism. Many Canadian art and craft galleries, souvenir shops, and museum stores clearly confirm that tourist art is a measure of Canadian and Inuit work. Inuit art for the last say half a century has been appropriated by people living in the southern part of Canada. In addition, Inuit art is seen as one of the brightest jewels representing Canadian cultural mosaic. Inuit art is considered as one of the most important resource in establishment of Canadian identity. In many particular instances, Inuit images are viewed as symbols for identification in part or whole of the Canadian identity. Many Canadians identify themselves with Inuit art as it is one of the unquestionable means of identity. The Canadian government is usually devoted to identify between non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal peoples. The rhetorical power is used to establish a body of identifications for national identity. However, there are other indigenous images used by Canadians to represent national identity but Inuit art is the most outstanding. Indigenous art also play a very important part in identification and act as a symbol for national community identification. Organizational, individual and institutional identification needs in Canada are served through striking graphic power, prints, carvings and ability to be recognized (Maryllbelle, 1). The good graphical work creates expressive symbols for federal government. This is a clear representation of Canadian symbolism in the form of art graphics. Successive governments have tried to recognize the construction of unique Canadian identity as one of the most critical part of their mandate. For purpose of maintaining consistency, the Canadian government has tried to distinguish Canada from other countries through the use of Inuit art. A line on map could have been used to differentiate Canada from other countries but since confederation, art graphics have been in use. There are certain drawbacks in any given state that result to individual division such as ethnicity, language or religion. The use of Inuit art has no negative effects as are related to religion, language or ethnicity. Canadians have tried to differentiate themselves from U. S and other countries through the use of symbols or identity with genuine characteristics. Canadian identity has been constructed by constant shifting rhetorical identification and division process that aim at bringing communities together. It also aims at separating communities from one another as history shows how Canadians have tried to negotiate the nature of the countries core values. Identification of core values is shaped by discursive resources which were developed in the course of European settlement in Canada. Association of parties with material objects creates a marker which supports a sense of nationalism. A wide or broad group of cultural producers creates relevant material objects that interprets objects deemed fit for forming cultural equipment. Artists, dancers, painters, filmmakers, musicians, writers and sculptors play a very important part in promotion of patriotic education. This has been performed since the early twentieth century whereby material objects are provided in styles which fit the service of nationalism. In addition, societies rely on advertisers, teachers, publishers, journalists and other opinion leaders to interpret material objects. The same artists and opinion leaders disseminate the interpreted information to people with a view of constructing an appropriate conceptual linkage between material objects and national feeling (Marryllbelle, 1). The Canadian government plays a very important role in promotion of art work through incorporation of educational programs in schools and other public social gatherings. The Canadian government officially clarifies stresses and introduces appropriate pieties for material resource assortment that reflects values of country through public presentations, campaigns and internet. The use of public campaigns is to familiarize people about cultural products which help to promote art work. Canadian citizens store have their confidence in attitudes relating to resources for future reference. The retrieval of cultural attitudes arises in instances when certain national institutions try to stir up patriotic passion. Vocabularies at national levels are considered as reasons for, results of, and development of identification constructions on the basis of common interests of the citizens. The Inuit art is a reflection of Canadian language which tries to emphasis on cultural values leading to diversity of human ideas. Language is one main tool of identification which provides individuals with self worth and a sense of belonging. In the event a small group of community living within a given state loses its language, the members of the community feel left out in their identity as a cultural group. To avoid loosing identity by certain minority groups, certain commissions are formed to fight for rights of such minority communities (Stern Stevenson, 8). Other alternative way of preserving the dignity of minority groups is through the use of art work which reflects the cultural believes of the individuals. A close look on the Canadian native art reveals that it has contributed to international exposure over the past centuries. Huge budgets have been drawn by government to support promotion of art with a view of carving out a national identity. Promotion of Eskimo art is one relative example to reflect the level at which government is in support of the Inuit art. The history of Canada showed that establishment of a national identity figure was made to promote cultural features. The desire to establish an iconic identification figure arose since the 19th century. This is a time when the Canadians wanted to establish their own identity separate from that of United States and British. After the First World War, considerations relating to public opinions changed through the efforts of seven artists (Grabaum, 1). Although they had no roots in Canada many of them were trained in Europe, their exposure and expertise into artistic work made the group of seven to travel many parts of Canada and established became one of the most sought Canadian arts. The spirit of Canada was captured in the national art and a modern style was clearly identified as suitable and had unique features reflecting Canadian culture. A large number of young artists in Canada started painting in the same vein as the seven artists. The disbursement of the seven artists group led to promotion of art work in the entire Canada. The Second World War provided a chance for Canada to establish Canadians artists (Pupchek, 7). This marked the turning point in the category of Canadian art history. Canada was very enlightened and happy with their war time military in addition to artistic efforts. This led to a revival in Canadian nationalism in various fields of art and culture which has been depicted in many journals and magazines. Nationalization of the Canadian art was a step prompted by government position to increase its support to art work. James Houston’s travel to the North gave him the chance to meet with the Inuit’s where he collected some of their art work, crafts and souvenirs. He inspired other artists who eventually started to carve small figures using soapstone which were basically used to make pots and lamps. The Inuit art was very instrumental as it was used to establish Canada as a great Northern power. The favorable image of Inuit art being products of nature, creativity of artists in ecological matters, lack of competition with mainstream art and adept at creation of materials made it possible for Inuit art to be used as a sign of Canadian national heritage.

History of Animation

History of Animation Historical Perspective Introduction: This section in my dissertation focuses not on the history of animation per se but on the evolution and progress of animation in films and in particular claymation which is one form of stop-motion animation. The desire to animate is as old as art itself. Animation is a form of movie magic with its origins in art form. The earliest examples are still drawings, found in Palaeolithic cave paintings depicting animals with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions, that attempted to convey the illusion of movement. While such images came to life through fairy tales and folk lore, it was only during the 19th century -when inventions were made to make motion picture- that animated pictures became a real possibility. A live -action film and an animated film are different because the live -action camera captures a scene moving in real time, automatically freezing into separate still pictures that can then be projected on to a screen. In an animation film, the animator, on the contrary, can not film anything until and unless he/ she creates through drawings(2D animation) or models (3 D animation) or computer imagery every single frame of a film from scratch. While animation is definitely a highly creative medium, it entails time-consuming processes for an animator who should have vision, faith in the concept and creation, abundant patience and capacity for sustained efforts. THE DEVICES: The development of devices from crude form to highly technical gadget has played a key role in evolution of animation over the years. The earliest device to create an image of a moving picture is known as Zoetrope, invented in China around 180 AD. The modern day zoetrope contraption was produced in 1834 by William George Horner and is considered to be the beginning of the animation devices. The device is basically a cylinder with vertical slits around the sides. Around the inside edge of the cylinder there are a series of pictures on the opposite side to the slits. As the cylinder is spun, the user then looks through the slits producing the illusion of motion. Actually, even in present day animation classes for the beginners, the Zoetrope is being used to explain the early concepts of animation. The magic lantern, believed to have originated from China in the 16th century, is the precursor to the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat surface. The most significant early day animation device was Phenakistoscope (1831) disc, invented simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. The photographic sequence experiments done by English-born American Eadweard Muybridge in 1872, using 24 still cameras set up along side horse race track, have been of help to later generation of animators. The animated film took a major step thanks to a sophisticated version of Zoetrope, known as Praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud in 1877, a painter of lantern-slides. It used the same basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the inside of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the animation would stay in place, and provide a clearer image and better quality. After fifteen years of hard work, Reynaud also developed a larger version of the praxinoscope, an animation system using loops of 12 pictures, that could be projected onto a screen, called the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Optique, first demonstrated at the Musee Grevin, Paris in 1892, comprising 500 pictures on a transparent strip of gelatin. This was the first animation film entitled ‘Pantomimes Lumineuses which lasted up to fifteen minutes. Reynauds films were simple tales mainly concerned with love and rivalry. Reynaud used drawings rather than photographic images, and every subsequent animated film using line animation -from Felix the Cat and Micky Mouse to the Rugrats and the Simpsons -is a successor to the moving pictures that he created. Flip Book, patented in 1868 by a John Barns Linnet, was another development that brought us closer to modern animation. The Flip Book creates the illusion of motion through a set of sequential pictures flipped at a high speed. The Mutoscope (1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip the pages. 1919 marked the invention of rotoscope. While Emile Reynaud, showed the first animated film using his Theatre Optique system in 1982, three years later, two French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere, presented the first authentic demonstration of what we now think of as cinema. Lumiere Brothers characters were images of real people and hence overshadowed the Emile Reynauds presentations of moving drawings. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces made by J. Stuart Blackton in 1906, featuring a cartoonist drawing faces on a chalkboard, and the faces apparently coming to life, can be termed as the first animated work on standard picture film. This film was released by Vitagraph. Two years later, the French director Émile Cohl (also called Émile Courtet), created Fantasmagorie which was screened for the first time on August 17, 1908 at Theatre du Gymnase in Paris. It was Émile Cohl who relocated to New York City in 1912, spread its technique in the US. Though these animations were rudimentary, ‘Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914 and ‘Koko the Clown in 1919 by Max Fleischer, considered as classics, stepped up the pace of animation films in silent movie era in USA. The Beautiful Lukanida released in 1912 and conceived by the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz (later known as Ladislas Starevich) gets the honour of being the first puppet animation film. Neither this film, nor the first animated feature film -El Apà ³stol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina as well as his two other animated feature films, including 1931s Peludopolis, {the first to use synchronized sound}, have survived the present day. The silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) directed by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch is one of the earliest-surviving animated feature. This film used colour-tinted scenes, perhaps for the first time. The list of other animated films during the silent era included the following films: ‘Gertie the Dinosaur made by Winsor Mccay in 1914, ‘The Sinking of the Lusitania in 1918, ‘Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend in 1921 by John Randolph Bray who rediscovered some of McCays techniques, ‘The Dinosaur and the Missing Link by Willis OBrien in 1915, the first cartoon super star ‘ Felix the Cat in 1919 and ‘The Lost World , a stop motion marvel made in 1925. This was followed by the famous ‘Aesops Film Fables during 1921-1929 created by Paul Terry, released by Van Beuren Studios. Initially, Walt Disney also made silent cartoons like ‘Laugh-o-Grams, ‘Alice Comedies, ‘Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and ‘Mickey Mouse. Other significant silent era series were ‘ Heeza Liar, ‘Mutt and Jeff, ‘Krazy Kat, ‘Bobby Bumps etc. The notable production houses during this period were: Barre Studio, Bray Productions, Barre-Bowers Studio {The Bray Studios was the first and foremost cartoon studio, housed in New York City-} Many budding cartoonists like Paul Terry of Mighty Mouse fame, Max Fleischer of Betty Boop fame, and Walter Lantz of Woody Woodpecker fame, all statrted their career in this studio.The cartoon studio was based in Circa during 1915-1928. ‘Farmer Alfalfa by Paul Terry and ‘Bobby Bumps by Earl Hurd were well known cartoons produced by the Bray studios. Fleischer Studios, set up by Max and Dave Fleischer created the Koko the Clown, Out of the Inkwell, and Sound Car-Tunes series. In addition, this era also saw distributors of animated films such as Margaret J. Winkler, Charles Mintz, Educational Pictures, Red Seal Pictures, and Bijou Films. Although 1930s witnessed a few more animated feature films, Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs released in 1937 is deemed to be the first animated feature film with sound effects. It could be because Snow White became successful and well-known within the English-speaking world. The first animation to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was Flowers and Trees (1932) made by Disney Studios which won an academy award for this work. We are all aware how Walt Disney dominated throughout the 1930s, through revolutionary cartoons ‘Silly Symphonies, ‘Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck. The 1930s, termed as the Golden Era in USA animation also witnessed the emergence of big studios making animation films like Warner Bros, MGM and The Fleischer Studios with their creations like Betty Boop and Popeye cartoons. Following the golden Age of American animation (1920s through 1950s), animation evolved at a more hectic pace during the television era i.e. 1950s through 1980s. During this period, the theatrical cartoons and feature films declined to some extent. Hanna-Barbara productions did dominate this phase with their TV animated series. Then we saw the emergence of morning cartoons on week ends, adult animation in the 70s, and a slew of commercial cartoons in the 1980s. The present day animation (1980s onwards) boasts of mind boggling creations most of which are futuristic in concept such as ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the ‘Disney Renaissance and Steven Spielbergs collaborations with Warner Bros like ET, Jurasic Park etc. The Simpsons is one of the most successful series that revived the adult-oriented animation. The other series of this genre is Cartoons Networks late night animation show ‘Adult Swim. Many studios all over the world have joined the bandwagon of making animation films for world wide distribution. The rise of CGI, increasing popularity of Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the Anime explosion which is mainstream version of Japanese animation represent the current scenario in animation. HISTORY OF STOP -MOTION CLAYMATION: Stop motion and cel animation are two basic techniques in traditional animation. Stop motion animation, is used for many animation productions using physical objects rather than images of people, as with traditional animation. An object will be photographed, moved slightly, and then photographed again. When the pictures are played back in normal speed the object will appear to move by itself. Clay animation is one the forms of stop-motion animation. It is the animation of clay models made preferably of plasticine clay. Producing stop-motion animation using clay /plasticine clay is a time consuming and labour intensive process. That is because, to produce a 30 minute stop motion animation movie using clay models, approximately 21,600 times one has to stop to change the figures for the frames. In the case of feature-length films, in addition to clay, rubber silicone and resin-cast components are used to create models. The term Claymation is a registered trade mark in USA, registered by Will Vinton, the greatest pioneer in clay animation. Though foamation, meaning use of foam-rubber process, invented by Will Vinton has found a place in stop motion animation films, it is clay which is the preferred material to bring about aesthetic effect as well. A variant to claymation is the â€Å"clay melting† used in Will Vintons film ‘Closed Mondays. While there are several forms of clay animation, the notable few are: â€Å"Freeform† claymation represents a process wherein the shape of the clay changes significantly as the animation progresses, as exemplified in the films of Eliot Noyes Jr and Ivan Stang. â€Å"Character† Clay animation maintains a recognisable character throughout the shot as in Art Clokeys and Will Vintons works. The â€Å" Strata -cut animation† entails long bread like loaf of clay packed with varying figures/ images, which is sliced into thin sheets with the camera taking a frame of the end of loaf for each cut as a result of which one could eventually see the movements of internal images within. This technique was pioneered by the German animator Oskar Fischinger during 1920s and 1930s subsequently upgraded by David Daniels in mid-90s as seen in his film Buzz Box. Clay painting is termed as another form of claymation. This process requires clay to be placed on a flat surface and moved like wet oil paints. This technique results in a seamless merger of stop motion and traditional flat animation. Early films using stop-motion were the clasic ‘Chicken Run and ‘Wallace and Gromit, and later ‘The Nightmare Before Christmas and ‘James and the Giant Peach. Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Ã…  vankmajer. Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1933 version of ‘King Kong and ‘The 7th Voyage of Sinbad. It was in 1920s, though eight years earlier Edison Manufacturing released a clay animated trick film called ‘The Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Dream, the clay animation films using either cels or the slash system became the dominant mode in animation film production. Although the cel method was preferred for cartoon films by the studios, clay animation was the medium in the well known film called ‘Modelling produced by Fleischer Studio in 1921. Joan Gratz, won academy nomination for her clay animation films Creation (1980) and won the Oscar for yet another film ‘Mona Lisa descending a Stair Case made in 1982. Craig Barlett, another Vinton animator was known for variation in clay animation used in his series of short films ‘Arnold in the mid 90s. Charles Bowers a comedian with great talent in animation made many bizarre films in the 1920s combining stop-motion animation and comedy. Academy Award winning short films such as ‘ Closed Mondays made by Will Vinton and Bob Gardiner in 1974, ‘The Sand Castle'(1977) and ‘Creature Comforts; , produced by Aardman Studios in 1989 and all four Wallace Gromit films created by Nick Park of Arrdman Animation and last but the least ‘The Presentators again filmed by Aardman Animation are typical claymation films. Clay animation has been creatively employed in several computer games as well viz. The Neverhood, Clay Fighter, Patypus, Primal Rage. Besides TV commercials such as ‘Chevron Cars, childrens shows in the electronic media in the recent times are dominated by clay animation techniques which are often seen on Cartoon Network. Computer graphic image of clay animation is presented in a film called ‘ Flushed Away. COMPUTER -GENERATED IMAGERY {CGI } What has caused a real revolution in animation industry is the Computer -generated imagery- abbreviated as CGI. It is significantly different from traditional animation because the drawings (known as 2D animation) in traditional animation gave way to 3D Modeling which is the virtual version of stop-motion. CGI combines these two forms of animation through computer aided animation but on 2D Computer drawing. CGI is as tedious as the traditional animation and many of the underlying principles of traditional animation are used albeit through computer aided software programmes. While the playback feature creating an illusion is true of all moving images (from zoetrope to films to videogames), the techniques involved in creating CGI are generally removed from a frame-by-frame process. Most of the characters employed in CGI films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. The latest rend is to create realistic-looking humans. The notable animation films of t his genre are Films are ‘Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within in 2001, ‘Final Fantasy: Advent Children in 2005, ‘The Polar Express in 2004, and ‘Beowulf in 2007. The constraint in this method of animation is to create the nuances and details of a living person if one has to make a realistic CG character; in particular, to synchronise the movement of the hair and clothing with the animated human character. CEL-SHADED ANIMATION Cel shading is a type of rendering, known as non photorealistic rendering, to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. A recent development and a comples process, this is generally applied to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon. The console video games use cel- shaded animation in addition to computer graphics. The material used in cel- shaded animation is the clear sheets of acetate , called cels. Some animators consider Cel -shaded animation as â€Å"2.5 D form of animation†, a via media between 2D and 3D animation. It was only the console video games which shows the true real-time cel-shading as seen in Segas Jet Set Radio launched in 2000 for their Dreamcast console. This style of animation was used in Freedom Project in 2006. ANIMATION IN INDIA: As in the western countries, the roots of animation in India are in Indian Cinema. In the early 20s, Dadasaheb Phalke, arguably one of the founders of Indian Cinema, {in whose name a prestigious award has been instituted to honour every year outstanding contribution in the field of cinema}, match sticks and a stop-motion camera to create a short film which was unfortunately not distributed for public viewing. After a lot of struggle, he succeeded in making a stop motion film ‘The Growth of A Pea Plant in 1912, marking the beginning of animation in films in India. However, the first animation film ever released in a theater was ‘ The Pea Brothers produced by New Theatres Limited, and directed by Gunamoy Banerjee, and released on June 23, 1934. It took nearly seventeen years to produce the next animation film called ‘Jumbo The Fox coming from Ranjit Movietone and released in 1951. In the same year, another animation from New Theatres, ‘Michke Potash, directed by Bhaktaram Mitra was released. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India set up a Cartoon Film Unit as part of its Filns Division to promote animation films. This unit produced in 1956 ‘Radha and Krishna, a 22 minute film based on cel animation, directed by J.S. Bhownagary. It is believed that camera movements over the miniature paintings of Indian art were employed to create the animation. This film won prestigious awards in International Film Festival held in Berlin. Films Division had a team of animators like Kantilal Rathore, Pramod Pati, G.K. Godbole, and V.G. Samant, along with Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Suresh Nayek. A film which impacted animation in India was ‘Kalpana, made in 1948, directed by the legendary dance maestro Uday Shankar, although it was not an animation film. Because, the use of feet movement, film language with rhythm and melody skillfully synchronized appealed to all the film makers including Satyajit Ray Mrinal Sen, do yens of Indian Cinema. Clair Weeks, an animator from the Disney Studio was brought to India by The Films Division, with funding support from UNESCO and the US Technical Aid Programme, to train the animators in the Division. Those who were benefited were Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Ezra Mir and Pramod Pati. In 1960, one of the earliest pro-social animations made by the Films Division was ‘A Great Problem, covering family planning issues was released and received international appreciation for its maker G.K. Gokhale. The first animation film with music was ‘Chaos in 1969. As the animators from the Films Division left and started their own ventures, there was a growth in the studios making animation films in India such Climb Films, Rauko Laboratories owned by Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen, and the Prasads Studios in the south. Others like Gimmicks and Pictoreel Facet, opened in Bombay, but have not survived till the present day. It was in 1992 when the Film Festival being organized every year by the Films Division was renamed as the International Film Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films, recognizing the growing importance of animation in India. A special section called World Animation in this festival screened the works of international creators like John Halas, Ishu Patel, Osamu Tezuku, Jiri Brdecka, Jiri Trnka. Ishu Patel is one of the well known animators of India who is respected abroad as well. Icerocket Equally important is the contribution made to animation films by the Childrens Film Society of India, set up in 1955 by the Indian Government to promote childrens films. CFSI has produced a huge number of animation films such as ‘Jaise Ko Taisa by Madhab Kunte in 1988, ‘Karuna Ki Vijay by K.S. Bansod in 1985, ‘Lav Kush by K.A. Abbas in 1973, ‘Adventures Of A Sugar Doll in 1966 by Kantilal Rathod, and ‘As You Like It by Sukumar Pillay in 1965. Most of the present day animators of repute have worked on films made by CFSI. Along with film making, the Government of India sought to develop animation teaching in India and accordingly established an animation department in early 70s at the National Institute Of Design which has become the Bedrock Of Animation teaching in India. In addition to teaching traditional and computer aided animation, NID has produced a large number of animation films. ‘Swimmy , a cut out animation film made by Leo Lionni a visiting faculty at NID is till date the best cut out animation film. Other notable films which came out of the NID studios were ‘Cirrus Skies and ‘Patang made by Vinita Desai, ‘Drawing Drawing made jointly by Vinita Desai and Nina Sabnani who also won the international acclaim for her feminist animation film ‘Shubh Vivah dealing with dowry system in this country, using the traditional Rajasthani Marubeni style of painting. The most noteworthy animation film made through NID by the young Prakash Murthy was ‘ Jungle King , base d on Gujarati folklores which received good reviews in the International film festivals. He also made ‘The Square On The Hypotenuse (1995), ‘The Progress Report (1994) and ‘The Protagonist (1988). Shoma Banerje Kak has been credited with making a serial on India called ‘Pradhakshina using cel animation. Other young animators include : Shilpa Ranade, who made Monis Dying who along with Asha Datta, a dynamic producer, has set up Multik Productions. Vinay Rai has made films like Keep Your City Clean, The Drummer nd Animated Bhangra, which was screened at Hiroshimas Indian showcase. Pravin Thakur who created The Brave Bird, and The Louse Story. Neeraj Sahai and Pallvi Sahai with their films like A Monkey And Two Crocodiles and The Big Run. Aman Bajaj has produced films like Khel Khel Mein, Alphabet A and Chikoo And Angola . Ajit Rao, who worked with Ram Mohan Biographics as one of the leading animation designers there, and taught in University of California is teaching in Toonz Animation Studio in India. StumbleUpon Propeller Reddit Magnoliacom Newsvine Furl  · Facebook  · Google  · Yahoo  · Technorati  · Icerocket

Cultural Perspectives in Tom Robbins Even Cowgirls Get the Blues :: Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Essays

Cultural Perspectives in Tom Robbins' Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Literary works are always affected by the times and places in which they are written. Those crafted in Western America often reflect conflicts that occurred between advancing civilization and the free spirited individual. The 1970’s was a particularly popular time for authors to introduce new ideas for living in the modern world. There are few authors who captured the essence and feeling of culture quite like Tom Robbins. Robbins comments on the differences and similarities between Western civilization and Eastern philosophies. His text offers philosophical and cultural meaning that is completely original. Certain beliefs are threaded through out the content of the story. He includes significant content reflecting the laws of physics; how motion and force affect the life process. Through the dialogue and action of his characters, Robbins illustrates how two very different ideals can coexist. Robbins intentions are to expand cultural perspectives and awareness through his novels. His use of metaphors and stylistic diction emphasizes further how thoughtful and awesome his work is. Tom Robbins writing offers an insightful perspective into cultural themes of our modern world. Robbins writing reflects different lifestyles, and philosophies. His characters are eccentric and complex; yet retain a familiar quality that allows them to be adored by the reader. His characters often possess personality traits like those he admires—women in particular. The characters, plot, and writing style all reflect Robbins thoughts about the world. In 1967, Robbins introduced Sissy Hankshaw to the world. In his novel Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, Sissy dedicates her life to hitch-hiking across the globe. She is one of many characters whose attitude and actions conflict with stereotypical Western values. She is unbiased in nature and insightful about the world around her. The Cowgirls Quest Sissy takes on hitch-hiking as her life mission mostly because she was gifted in one area imperative to successful hitching: Sissy develops abnormally large thumbs. Robbins comments on how he pondered the opposable thumb: the one small physical difference that catapulted the homo sapiens ahead of other species. Hitch-hiking becomes Sissy’s passion--her purpose in life--at a very young age. The extraordinarily large thumbs not only gave her the will, but also isolate her from the other children. She accepts the fact that she is different from everyone else, but also acknowledges the negative view of her digits is not universal.

Losing My Edge :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Losing My Edge I was friends with everyone on the North team, our rivals, but during the season, we seemed liked enemies. We always talked crap to each other. "Who's going to state this year?" We would say. Back to us they would respond, "Who went to State last year?" The whole season, we anticipated playing North. It all started since the first practice. Our coach would scream, "North is practicing harder than you, they are getting in shape, they are preparing." This made us very angry and his tactics to do better did push us. The day seemed so far away, but the calendar days grew closer and closer to this well-prepared day. I made sure to eat my carbohydrates and to get enough sleep the night before. Finally I had reached the day, and school dragged on forever. The bus ride took forever as we traveled the thawed out highways, anticipation was in the air. When entering the gym, after debarking the bus, I took a deep breath as my stomach filled with butterflies, thinking about everything I carried on my shoulders and all that was expected of me, especially when imagining everyone who would be there. My parents, sister, grandparents, aunts, uncles, friends, peers, coaches and teammates all expected the best. "How nerve racking." I muttered under my breath. When we were in the lockeroom, I felt cadged like an animal. "This its it! It's your turn." Our coach yelled. Finally we escaped from the lockeroom into the crowded gym. This would determine who would go to the State Tournament. Excitement raced through our bones, as our names were announced for the line-up. "Jenna Osheim, 6'0'', senior forward!" My body got the shivers as I ran to the middle of the floor. The referee threw the ball into the air and the race was on. Half time, and the game w as neck in neck. Time ticked away and we were both battling back and forth. "Come on Jenna, it's up to us!" a teammate of mine said to pump me up. I wasn't having a very good game and was getting down on myself. We couldn't lose to this team, as we did the year before. We battled back and forth, we would score, and then they would answer our call. The last minute lasted forever, the referee made a bad call and buzzer finally sounded, leaving us to fall short of one point to have a total score of 54-53.

Yoga and its Relation to Health Essay -- spiritual goals, health benef

Yoga has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. There is an estimated 11 million Americans enjoying the health benefits of yoga. Though few people even know why. Most people think it’s just â€Å"Stretching†, But very few ever really stops to think about the health benefits of yoga. So let’s look at a few of these shall we? Some of the most commonly talked about benefits of yoga are the all-around fitness, weight loss, Stress relief, inner peace, improved immunity, living with greater awareness, better relationships, increased energy, better flexibility and posture, better intuition, increased lubrication of the joints ligaments and tendons, massages all of the organs in the body, complete detoxification, excellent toning of the muscles, reduced heart rate and blood pressure, increased lung function, helps with conditions such as anxiety, depression and insomnia, it has also shown positive effects on levels of certain brain and blood chemicals. So Besides the spiritual goals, the asana of yoga are used to reduce or get rid of health problems reduce stress and make the spine supple. In current times yoga is also used as a complete exercise program and physical therapy routine. The focus of yoga is on calm mindfulness, controlled breathing along with physical movement bringing with it benefits with regular practice. As most people are aware of Yogis sleep better with increased energy levels, and muscle tone, release of muscle pain and stiffness, improves circulation and over all better health. But few people know the breathing aspect of yoga can benefit heart rate and blood pressure. Three main focuses of Hatha Yoga are exercise, breathing and meditation. Making it a great choice for people suffering from hea... .... Yes there is some out there that say yoga is just stretching but those people are only partially right. Yoga unites mind, body and soul so it is obvious it can be used to treat mental and physical conditions. So there for yoga is so much more than most people perceive. Personally yoga has helped me out allot I use to have depression, anxiety, sleep problems and lower back pain. Yes I know I use to be a mess lol. One day I decided to try yoga and my life has been changed ever since. I no longer have any of these problems and I thank yoga for it. Resources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832673 http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/the-health-benefits-of-yoga http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga#Health_benefits_ascribed_to_yogasana_practice http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga#Medicine

The Six Selves Adolescent Girls Face

Sonya Fulgham HD 300- Early Childhood Themes and Life Cycles 09/13/11 Reflection #1 There are a total of six â€Å"selves†, they are the physical, which deals with the changes in size, shape, and hormonal structure that young girls bodies go through. An emotional selves is the way that young girls deal with their feelings, a young girl’s emotions are extreme and ever changeable. Academic selves is how a young girl views her academic success, they are put in positions to feel inadequate about their intelligence in comparison to young boys. Thinking selves are when the young female tend to overanalyze and over generalize situations. Spiritual selves are the times were the young adolescent girls try to actively search for meaning and order in the universe in which they dwell. Social selves are the points were a young girl would disconnect from their parents emotionally and strive for the validation of their peers. All of these factors can have a great impact on a young adolescent female. Physical selves happens to be a â€Å"selves† that I can totally relate to, because I can remember being in my young adolescent stage trying to understand and make sense of what exactly my body was going through. I started puberty by the age nine and I was not prepared for it. My mother had not taken the time to express to me that my body would endure changes. So I had a hard time excepting me for whom I was developing into physically. I felt like I was an alien, because I was starting to look different than the other young girls my age. According, to the author Mary Pipher, (1994) the physical selves refer to when young adolescent females’ bodies are going through changes in the shape and sizes, along with the hormonal structure (Mary Pipher, 1994, p. 54). Which leads me to talk about, the emotional selves, this is a â€Å"selves† that hit home for me. Being a young girl that was developing at a rapid rate I can remember feeling moments of despair. Due to the fact that I no longer looked like the young girls my age, boys would pick at me to the point that I would become full of anger. I would be so outraged that I would engage in fights. I was so confused, because these were the same boys that I was friends with playing football, racing, and be active with. My body changed and the young boys were starting to tease me. As stated in the book, Mary Pipher (1994) speaks about how despair and anger are the hardest to deal with as a young adolescent’s female (Pipher, 1994, p. 57). Eventually, this contributed to me losing my true self and replacing it with a false self. I found myself in a relationship with an older guy who acted as if he appreciated my body, which has led to other emotional problems. Through that world wind I became pregnant at the age of fifteen. Me being pregnant at a young age interfered with my academic selves, because now I had to be responsible for another human being, while trying to stay focused on my education, and losing my childhood all at the same time. As I continued to read the book, Pipher (1994), expresses how boys tend to be portrayed as clever, brave, creative, and resourceful, however I feel as though I was experiencing boys and the girls attributes all at the same time (Mary Pipher, 1994, p. 62). However, I could not help but to feel as though I may not have been as smart as the other students that I attended high school with, because of the decision that I had made to have a child at such a young age. Therefore, I felt as though I needed to prove to other and myself that I was not a failure, so I did what I needed to so that I could complete high school with a baby and living on my own. Thinking selves, I definitely understand the process of the thinking selves. I had to think for two people and understand that the decisions that I make could not only affect me, but could affect my child. Having to be so responsible at a young age caused me to seek out companions whom were also on the run, which was expressed in the book (Mary Piper, 1994, p. 61). I now realize that we were not doing anything but playing house. Like discussed by Pipher, girls who stays connect to their true selves are also confused and sometimes overwhelmed. I can see how I overwhelmed myself by taking on to many responsibilities at such an early age, battling with trying to stay true to myself all the while losing myself all at the same time. Social selves is an aspect in my life that I struggle with even to this day, because I did not get the opportunity to see what healthy relationship consist of. My mother made poor choices when it came down to the company she kept. Some of the people she surrounded herself around were negative influences in her life, which led her down a road of abuse. She became addicted to drugs and we were exposed to her being in an abusive relationship. Which has contributed to me not making the best decisions about the people whom I chose to allow in my life. As stated by Mary Pipher (1994), adults who are struggling with their own problems such as depression, drugs or alcohol addiction or crippling poverty often have no energy to parent (Mary Pipher, 1994, p. 65). I now understand the importance about talking to your children, and giving them advice about how important it is to be cautious about what types of people they allow to enter into their lives. Because when children do not have guidance and direction from their parents they can fall prey to negative influences. Spiritual selves is an important self to possess, because it can give you the comfort in understanding that there is a greater power than yourself, which equips you with a belief and value system. I was not fortunate enough to gain that in my adolescent years, my mother did not take us to church or help us develop a sense of our spiritual selves. It wasn’t until I was face with prison time did I learn about how important it was to have a set of beliefs and values to help me with guidance and direction. I now understand why I must allow myself the right to develop my spiritual selves. According to Mary Pipher (1994), only when we reconnect with the parts of ourselves that are alive and true will we again have the energy to take on the culture and understand our spirituality (Mary Pipher, 1994, p. 72). In conclusion the experiences that I have shared have shown how the development stages of the six â€Å"selves†, physical, emotional, academic, thinking, social, and spiritual could affect a young adolescent females life. Without the proper guidance and understanding adolescent females find themselves trapped in this vicious cycles of false selves well into their adulthood, until they take out the time and face these issues. They will need to take the time to search within and find their true selves so that they can become truly happy. I am now on a journey to finding my true selves, and I am starting to feel good about being me. References Pipher, M. (1994). Reviving Ophelia: Saving the selves of adolescent girls. New York, NY: Ballantine Books

Christian religion Essay

Many aspects of our Christian religion today have developed because of these early religious beliefs and culture of the Romans. At the beginning, the Roman Empire was able to develop more than any other country because of its acceptance of some areas of culture and religion of its conquered enemies and allowing them to keep their religion and culture, blending the old ways with the new. How little was known, that the paganism belief system of the Roman Empire would eventually lead the way to the new Christianity religion of the world. Paganism, with its gods and goddesses, answered humanity’s problems and provided answers at the whim of these supernatural beings. In the early stages of Greek and Roman culture, mythology answered all questions regarding the origin of the world and of man. (Case, 1929, p. 12) In the early days of Greece and Rome, everything under the sun was explained by the gods and goddesses — humanity was at their whim along depending on their whims, just as today everything we do is explained through the Christian belief of God and Jesus, instead of the Roman gods and goddesses. In Rome, mythology answered all questions while today Christianity answers all of ours in regard to the world and mankind’s problems, all being subject to superhuman beings who have a lot to do with the affairs of mankind. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire under the Emperor Constantine in AD 324 (the Emperor Julian, known to Christians as the Apostate, failed to bring about a pagan revival a few years later), and pagan forms of worship were finally made illegal in 390 by Theodosius. The myths of the pagan gods were particularly vulnerable to Christian attack, as can be seen in Lactantius’ Divine Institutes I 9-22 and Augustine’s City of God. (Rivers, 1994, p. 22) According to Barry Banning’s article entitled, â€Å"The Irony of Faith†, which is part of the research done for his book The Unspoken Power of Rome, he refers to the fact most world religions expect people to believe in something that cannot be detected, seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled. Researching the fact that Rome had a serious influence on early Christian’s beginning and formation, he also says that people are expected to believe in something that doesn’t exist physically and can’t be proved in normal human experiences. In most of the world religions, people are asked to believe in something that can not be detected, seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled. They are asked to believe in something that doesn’t exist physically and can’t be proven in normal human experience. And when confronted with numerous, obvious discrepancies, the normal response is â€Å"faith†. Faith is the key to understanding. Faith is the key to believing in concepts that cannot be explained. (Banning, 2001, 1) Over the last several years, most Christians have accepted blindly this philosophy of faith, not realizing how much influence that Rome had on Christianity and how we perceive it today, in its early beginnings. Very little credit was ever historically given to Rome for having any influence on Christianity and how we look at it presently – many Christians refusing to believe that many aspects of Christianity had its origins in the pagan arena of Rome, and in the development of our present social orders. However, most of this credit was because of the way Christians hid inside the Roman Empire, to avoid persecution or death by the Romans. The hardest thing possible was to believe in one God instead of many gods and goddesses, remaining anonymous, while still living as Christians in brutal Rome. Early Christians, facing scorn at best and persecution at worst, depending on Emperor and the era, were forced to blend in with their Pagan counterparts. In order to celebrate the ‘holidays’ of their religion, the Christians used pre-existing holidays and festivals to blend in. Christmas, for example, was originally part of the great festival of the Winter Solstice, or the Saturnalia. By adopting this grand event as the celebration of Christ’s birth, Christian revelry was allowed to take place, largely unnoticed. The Church too manipulated customs and traditions of the Pagan Empire to make their faith more adaptable. (Kousoulas, 2006,1) Christianity had been the official religion of Rome since 392, before Rome’s official fall in 476 when its last ruler, Romulus Augustus, fell under Alaric and the Visigoths in 410 and later destroyed by the Vandals in 455. According to Professor Richard Baldwin at the Gulf Coast Community College in Florida, this fall of Rome would later influence the Middle Ages and its civilizations in classical Greek and Roman cultures, Christianity, and the Germanic culture. With modern science and intellectual knowledge today slowly replacing the word of God and Christian beliefs, public and society religious dedication has become a thing of the past — unwelcome in schools and sports, government buildings, and bringing down the morals of society. We need to look at Rome’s influence on the world accompanied with many other civilizations that were also influential on the world that led to Christianity. The development of human societies was not continuous. It was started several times anew–in India, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Scandinavia, and in Western Europe, beginning each time with the primitive tribe and then the village community. But if we consider each of these lines separately, we certainly find in each of them, and especially in the development of Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, a continual widening of the conception of mutual support and mutual protection, from the clan to the tribe, the nation, and finally to the international union of nations. (Kropotkin, 1934, p. 17) Christianity today is going through another revival such as in Rome, with many Christians now looking deeply inside – philosophizing and asking inner questions concerning what they have always been told – such as, is Christianity a pure religion in itself, or is it a combination of other religions. As Barry Banning said, previous Christian philosophies and hierarchical leaders told us to never question anything about our churches or what we have been taught. Christians are individuals who have unique mindsets, they are going to grow and change in their perception of the world around them, and this is a time when humanity is asking questions, seeking to find out truths. We are beginning to observe what Christianity is really about, not blindly accepting what we have been told by our superiors. The Roman imprints left from the early Christian development have simply extended an age-old religious philosophy that has long been past due for a change and maybe a needed updated version. Over the centuries, Christianity has not only changed in an intellectual theory but also with the philosophy regarding its impact by Rome. People change and learn in different ways, with continuously changing perceptions that cross many barriers – age, education, beliefs, or culture. Nevertheless, the bottom line is, without Rome we would never have had Christianity. Moreover, today Christianity as a single religion is ranked as the world’s largest religion, with sub-groups being included in this statistic. For the purpose of statistics, Christians refer to varying degrees of religious activity within Christianity – including Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, Pentecostals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter-day Saints, African Indigenous Churches, and others. All of this is very different from the early days of Rome, with terrified Christians being persecuted for speaking and attempting to practice their religion. Yet, no matter where we look regarding Christianity, we find ourself looking also at the Roman Empire and its early heritage and culture, still breathing today inside our churches and religious cultures. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Banning, B. (2001). The Unspoken Power of Rome. 1st Edition. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Wellspring Books. Case, S. C. (1929). Experience with the Supernatural in Early Christian Times. New York: The Century Company. Laistner, M. L. (1951). Christianity and Pagan Culture in the Later Roman Empire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Kropotkin, P. P. A. (1934). The Present Need of Determining the Bases of Morality. New York: Dial Press. Potter, D. S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180-395. New York: Routledge. Rivers, I. (1994). Classical and Christian Ideas in English Renaissance Poetry: A Student’s Guide. New York: Routledge.

Rock and Roll Music

Rock and Roll has influenced the music industry more then any other genre. Barriers were broken by rock musicians pushing the limits of social behavior. The sixties were the time when changes in history took place. Artists continue to make an impact on people without even trying. Dancers, singers, musicians and athletes want to practice their talents without being bothered. Critics are always watching ready to voice their opinions. This is opposition is what calls publicity to the artists.â€Å"The Beatles were the greatest and most influential of the rock era, and introduced more innovations in popular music then any other rock band† (Authors of Billboard. com 1992-2005). Had it not been for the Beatles, there would be no Madonna, Britney Spears, Fergie, Beyonce or PussyCat Dolls. Elements of the Beatles Song â€Å"She Loves You. † In the sixties, the Beatles were the main pop group. By today’s standards, the Beatles music would hardly be considered real loud or wild. The Beatles were a group of friends who sang for recreational purposes.When they were discovered, they had no formal training. They did not care about auditions. They had no voice lessons. Without all of the technical aspects, their songs still had all of the elements that musicians today spend hours and days perfecting and refining. In the song â€Å"She Loves You,† the four band members are playing basic simple guitars. The instrument largely determines the overall aspects of any song. The highest musical technology is a waste if the artists do not know how to shape the song.Shaping is accenting the high points and low points of the song. Every artist’s has a unique way of shaping music his or her music. The dynamics is defined as the loudness and softness of a song (DuckWorth, 2004, P 358). In the song â€Å"She Loves You,† the dynamics do not have very significant level changes, according to today’s music analysis. Shaping makes up the melody o f the song. People like or dislike music based on the melody. The rhythm of the song sounds like it was in 4/4 time. It has repeated series of strong and weak beats.During the chorus, â€Å"She Loves Me† starts on the high notes or the strong beats of the song. When the musicians sing â€Å"yeah yeah yeah, that is when the weaker beats or phrases are accented. All of the Beatles songs sound improvised without much find tuning. When the song is recorded professionally, there are no significant changes from the time the artists were creating the song. The pitches, highs, mediums and lows of the song, is repeated through the entire length of the song. Conclusion;Rock and Roll has made waves since the sixties. Many people associate the songs that were popular at the time with world events. Music is a big influence on society. I love Rock and Roll music because it is uplifting and upbeat. Rock and Roll music is often played at celebrations, festivals, and concerts. Favorite Rock and Roll songs mark pleasant memories that are easily forgotten. People dance, run, workout, rollerblade to Rock and Roll music. Rock and Roll music has always accompanied close friends parties, and meetings.The Beatles music video can be viewed at http://video. google. com/videoplay? docid=2276715791126043108. Other sites that have plenty links to the Beatles music video links in full screen is AOL music. com. AOL provides hundreds of Beatles videos, interviews, documentary’s. Notes; DuckWorth, W. (2004 ) A Creative Approach to Music Fundamentals 8th Edition. Glossary Yudkin, J. (2004) Discover Music P 316-22. Authors of Billboard. com (1992-2005) Beatles Biography http://video. google. com/videoplay? docid=2276715791126043108

The Industrial Revolution and Romanticism

The Industrial Revolution and the Romantic Spirit The Industrial Revolution refers to a series of significant shifts in traditional practices of agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation, as well as the development of new mechanical technologies that took place between the late 18th and 19th centuries in much of the Western world. During this time, the United Kingdom, as well as the rest of Europe and the United States soon after, underwent drastic socio-economic and cultural changes during this time.These changes in part gave rise to the English Romantic spirit, especially in the United Kingdom. During the late 18th century, the United Kingdom's economic system of manual and animal based labor shifted toward a system of machine manufacturing while more readily navigable roads, canals, and railroads for trade began to develop. Steam power underpinned the dramatic increase in production capacity, as did the rather sudden development of metal tools and complex machines for manufac turing purposes.The Industrial Revolution had a profound effect upon society in the United Kingdom. It gave rise to the working and middle classes and allowed them to overcome the long-standing economic oppression that they had endured for centuries beneath the gentry and nobility. However, while employment opportunities increased for common working people throughout the country and members of the middle class were able to become business owners more easily, the conditions workers often labored under were brutal.Further, many of them were barely able to live off of the wages they earned. During this time, the industrial factory was created (which, in turn, gave rise to the modern city). Conditions within these factories were often dirty and, by today's standards, unethical: children were frequently used and abused for labor purposes and long hours were required for work. A group of people in the United Kingdom now as the Ululated felt that industrialization was ultimately inhumane a nd took to protesting and sometimes sabotaging industrial machines and factories.While industrialization led to incredible technological developments throughout the Western world, many historians now argue that industrialization also caused severe reductions in living standards for workers both within the United Kingdom and throughout the rest of the industrialized Western world. However, the new middle and working classes that industrialism had established led to arbitration throughout industrial cultures, drastic population increases, and the introduction of relatively new economic system known as capitalism.The Romantic Movement developed in the United Kingdom in the wake of, and in some measure as a response to, the Industrial Revolution. Many English intellectuals and artists in the early 19th century considered industrialism inhumane and unnatural and revolted?sometimes quite violently?against what they felt to be the increasingly inhumane and unnatural mechanization of modern life. Poets such as Lord Byron (particular in his addresses to the House of Lords) and William Blake (most notably in his poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†) spoke out?and wrote extensively bout?the psychological and social affects of the Sailor URL: http://www. Layer. Org/ courses/engaged/ The Sailor Foundation Sailor. Org Page 1 of 2 newly industrial world upon the individual and felt rampant industrialization to be entirely counter to the human spirit and intrinsic rights of men. Many English Romantic intellectuals and artists felt that the modern industrial world was harsh and deadening to the senses and spirit and called for a return, both in life and in spirit, to the emotional and natural, as well as the ideals of the pre-industrial past. Sailor URL: http://www. Sailor. Org/courses/engaged/ Page 2 of 2